Metropolitan Germogen (Kozhin)

Metropolitan Germogen (Kozhin) (1886-1954)

Vasiliy may be spelt Basil, Basilius, Basile, Wasyl, Vasilii, William.

Germogen may be spelt Germogenes, Hermohen, Hermogenes.

Early life of Vasiliy Ivanovich Kozhin

On 14/26 March, 1886, Vasiliy Ivanovich Kozhin was born in the village of Kumylzhenskaya, Khopersky County, in the “Region of the Don Cossacks” (later Volgograd Oblast), within the Russian Empire.

He was born into the family of a psalmist (“psalomschik”), that is, a Reader.

Higher education

In 1901, Vasiliy Ivanovich graduated from the Ust-Medveditsk Theological School.

in 1907, he graduated from the Don Theological Seminary, at Novocherkassk.

Don Theological Seminary

Marriage

Vasiliy Ivanovich Kozhin entered into marriage with Lyubov Pavlovna, and they received from the Lord a son, Gennadiy.

Diaconal ordination, 1907

On 17 June, 1907, Vasiliy Ivanovich Kozhin was ordained to the Holy Diaconate by Bishop John (Metropolsky) of Aksai, Vicar-Bishop of the Don and Novocherkassk Diocese.

Diaconal service

Deacon Vasiliy Kozhin was assigned to serve in the Nativity of the Theotokos Temple of the Verkhne-Teply village of what became the Luhansk oblast of the Don Cossack Army Area.

Presbyteral ordination, 1907

On 18 July, 1908, Deacon Vasiliy Kozhin was ordained to the Holy Priesthood by Bishop Athanasius (Parkhomovich) of Don and Novocherkassk.

Priest Vasiliy Kozhin

Pastoral service

Priest Vasiliy Kozhin was assigned to serve in the Holy Trinity Temple in the Cossack village of Bagaevskaya. He was also assigned to serve as head of the literacy school and as teacher of the Law of God at the ministerial school.

In 1912, he was dismissed by the state, and he entered the Kazan Theological Academy. He graduated in 1916 from the Kazan Academy with a Ph.D. degree in theology.

Kazan Theological Academy

From 1916, Priest Vasiliy Kozhin served as a teacher of the Law of God in the male gymnasium of the village of Uryupinsk, and he was a member of the Circle of Zealots of Faith and Piety at the Temple of the Nativity of Christ.

In 1917, Father Vasiliy Kozhin defended his dissertation on the topic “Russian Ultramontane Literature in Defence of the Papal System in comparison with the Teaching of Christian Revelation and the Voice of the Universal Church”. He then received a master's degree in theology.

All-Russia Local Council of the Church of Russia, 1917

In 1917, Father Vasiliy was chairman of the Assemblies of the Clergy and Laity of the Uryupinsk Deanery and the Khoper District ; Secretary of the Extraordinary Don Diocesan Assembly, Dean of Uryupinsk.

He was elected by the Don Diocese in order to represent the diocese as a clergy-member of the 1917-1918 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow. He was a member of the V, VIII, IX, XVII departments, and he participated in the first session. He then resigned in November, 1917. (Much later, the Don Diocese became the Don Metropolia, a part of the Rostov-on-Don Diocese.)

In 1917-1919, he published articles in the "Don Diocesan Gazette" about matters discussed at the Local Council, as well as about the needs of the clergy, about teaching, and about educating students.

During 1918-1920, he was a member and manager of the Don Diocesan Council. While in Novocherkassk, Father Vasiliy had a discussion with the head of the "Provisional Higher Church Administration" in the South-East of Russia, Metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky), Archpriest Georgiy Shavelsky and Archpriest G Lomako. They considered the participation and role of the Church in the Russian Civil War. According to his memoirs, he also discussed with Archpriests G Shavelsky, Valentin Sventsitsky and I Makharadze about the fate of the Orthodox Church in Russia, and defending the possibility of such an existence under Soviet rule.

From 1918, he was a teacher of theology at the Don Polytechnic Institute and at the Novocherkassk Theological Seminary, and he served as the Chancellor of the Don Diocesan Council.

He was awarded the nabedrennik.

In 1919, Priest Vasiliy Kozhin served as a member of the I, II and III Departments of the South-Eastern Russian Church Council.

In 1920, he refused to emigrate, and he remained in Novocherkassk after the arrival of the Red Army.

From 1920, he was Presbyter and also Dean in the Kuban Diocese.

Alexander Ivanovich Vvedensky himself (leader of the Renovationists) had the highest appreciation of the North Caucasian Diocese (later, Stavropol Metropolis).

Move to “Renovationist Church”, 1922

In 1922, Father Vasiliy Kozhin joined the Renovationists. This movement was in some manner an application of a desire to overcome the weaknesses and distortions of Church life that had grown up in association with the Church Reforms of Tsar Peter I. The Bolshevik Revolution and the plans of J V Stalin provided the opportunity for what was, effectively, an ecclesiastical revolution. It was, in an ironic manner, supported by the Patriarchs of Constantinople as long as it survived.

Father Vasiliy Kozhin was elevated to the dignity of archpriest.

Archpriest Vasiliy Kozhin was assigned as rector of the cathedral in Novorossiysk.

From 1927, he served as a member of the North Caucasian Regional Metropolitan Church Administration, and head of the evangelistic department.

In 1928, Archpriest Vasiliy Kozhin was elevated to the dignity of protopresbyter.

In 1929, he graduated from agronomic courses at the Rostov State Institute of Practical Knowledge.

In 1931, he took 2 courses (“in absentia”) of the Faculty of History and Ethnology of Moscow State University.

“Bishop” of the Renovationists

On 17 June, 1931, while remaining married, at the request of the Renovationist North Caucasian Metropolitan Administration, he was assigned to serve as Bishop of Temryuk, as Vicar-Bishop of the Kuban Diocese, with his see in Krasnodar. He was “ordained” for this purpose on 21 September, 1931, by “Bishop” Veniamin (Muratovsky), “Bishop” Alexander Vvedensky and 6 other renovationist “bishops”.

From 7 March, 1932, he was Renovationist Bishop of Mozdok.

From the same day, he was also Renovationist Bishop of Kuban and Krasnodar.

On 13 April, 1932, "Bishop" Vasiliy Kozhin was elevated to the dignity of archbishop.

From March, 1934, he was the Renovationist Archbishop of Terek, head of the North Caucasian Metropolis, and a member of the commission whose purpose was to find means of combatting the "old Church".

On 5 December, 1935, he was appointed Renovationist Metropolitan of the North Caucasus and Stavropol. According to Bishop Sergius (Larin) (himself a renovationist in those days), “he was the worst renovationist ; [...] he wrote theses directed against the Russian Orthodox Church ; he fought against monastic ideology, and he expelled the Orthodox clergy from his diocese”.

In October, 1937, “Metropolitan” Vasiliy was imprisoned in the city of Voroshilovsk for being the head of the "conflict of the church-monarchist insurgent organisation". He was released 6 months later due to the absence of “facts of anti-Soviet activity”. Such a painless outcome can only be explained by co-operation with the NKVD.

“Metropolitan” Vasiliy Ivanvich was the only one of all the Renovationist “bishops” who supported the adventure of Metropolitans Vitaly Vvedensky and Alexander I Vvedensky about the patriarchal enthronement of the latter. For this, he was awarded the right to wear a second panagia. According to the review by Anatoly Emmanuilovich Krasnov-Levitin about Metropolitan Vasily Ivanovich Kozhin, “This is who I would like to see after me as the First Hierarch. He would govern the Church no worse, and perhaps even better than I”.

Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)

In the course of World War II (1939-1945), during the “Great Patriotic War” (1941-1945) (called in the West the "Eastern Front" or the "Nazi German-Soviet War"), in the midst of the occupation of the southern part of the USSR by Nazi German troops, “Metropolitan Vasiliy Kozhin was evacuated to Grozny, where he served in the Archangel Michael Cathedral.

In 1942, he organised a fundraiser for the Red Army.

Then, in 1943, he was a member of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Atrocities in the North Caucasus. He was awarded the medal “For the Defence of the Caucasus”.

Revival of the Church of Russia as a legal entity, 1943

J V Stalin and his government were in need of western help in the context of the catastrophic Siege of Leningrad (1941-1944). In this situation, it suited his purposes to revive the Russian Orthodox Church in order to intensify patriotic support for the war effort, and to present Soviet Russia as a defender of Christian civilisation. He understood that the Church had an ability to arouse the people in a way that the Communist Party could not.

On 4 September, 1943, Metropolitan Sergiy (Stragorodsky) and 2 other metropolitans were summoned to the Moscow Kremlin to meet with Mr. J Stalin. The meeting was also attended by Vyacheslav Molotov and Georgiy Karpov, Colonel of the "NKVD" (later "NKGB", the "Commissariat for State Security"), the future chairman of the Council for Russian Orthodox Church Affairs. He told them that he had decided to restore the patriarchate, to reopen Temples and seminaries, and to resume the publication of “The Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate”.

At the invitation of Mr. Stalin, the metropolitans expressed their wishes, including the holding of the Council and the election of the patriarch. Mr. Stalin assured them that the government of the USSR would render all possible assistance.

At this time, bishops, clergy, monastics and others began to be released from the concentration camps and prisons. It is to be recalled, however, that all through the 1930s, and especially in 1937-1938, there had been a virtual slaughter of clergy and Faithful of the Russian Orthodox Church in these prisons and camps. All this had been done under the direction of Mr. Stalin.

A new patriarch (Patriarch Sergiy (Stragorodsky) was then elected ; theological schools were opened, and thousands of Temples began to function. Some monasteries were also opened. The Moscow Theological Academy Seminary, which had been closed since 1918, was re-opened.

In January, 1944, “Metropolitan” Vasiliy Kozhin met with Mr. Mitin, an employee of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church. He asked Mr. Mitin to remind G G Karpov (chairman of the council) that, during its 20-year existence, the "Renovationist Church" had fulfilled the wishes of the government in that most of the persons within the so-called Tikhonite Church (Moscow Patriarchate) who opposed the communist government had been replaced.

In one of the same sort of regular meetings of “Metropolitan” Vasiliy Kozhin with G G Karpov (Commissioner for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church of the CPSU), Mr. Karpov directly pointed out to the “Metropolitan” the importance of his transfer to the Patriarchal Church of Russia. However, “Metropolitan” Kozhin wished to repent only if he could retain leadership over the parishes of Stavropol. He reportedly said that he certainly would not mind (indeed, he did not mind), if he remained the head of the patriarchal Churches of the city of Stavropol. Moreover, if it were in the interests of the state (that is, his transition to the patriarchate), then he was ready to do it even immediately.

The words reportedly spoken by “Metropolitan” Vasiliy Kozhin give the appearance of a matter-of-fact or "practical" attitude. Because falsehood and misrepresentation are characteristics of secret-service files of that time and place, it is prudent not to take all that was written as though it were indisputable fact. Regardless, returning to the Russian Orthodox Church required a statement of repentance on his part. It required that he admit his mistakes in having gone into schism, his regret for the pain caused to the Canonical Church, and that he ask forgiveness from the Canonical Church.

At this time, there were other such repentances in progress as clergy returned to the Canonical Church of Russia from Renovationism (by that time, effectively defunct). This was a crucial juncture for the Church of Russia. The canonical Church had not long previously (1943) been restored to acceptable activity in Soviet society by decree of Mr. J Stalin, at a time when a very large number of bishops had been executed, and when there were not many remaining alive (or if they were alive, strong enough to continue pastoral labours). The fact that there were some bishops in Renovationism who were ready to make their repentance was an opportunity (not without its dangers) to meet some of these needs.

Repentance and return to the Moscow Patriarchate

On 1 February, 1945, Vasiliy Ivanovich Kozhin repented, and he made his formal repentance at 5, Clean Lane, in Moscow (at the headquarters of the Church of Moscow). At that time, he was accepted back into communion with the Moscow Patriarchate in the rank of archpriest. It was Archbishop Antoniy (Romanovskiy) of Stavropol and Baku who was delegated to accept the repentance. Archpriest Vasiliy Kozhin was assigned to serve as Rector of the Temple of the Archangel Michael in Grozny, and as dean of the parishes of the Grozny region (later, Chechnya).

Thanks to the participation of Archpriest Vasiliy, 50 parishes of the North Caucasian Renovationist Metropolis joined the Stavropol diocese of the Moscow Patriarchate.

End of marriage

The case of Archpriest Vasiliy Kozhin was referred by Patriarch Alexei I (Simansky) to Metropolitan Antoniy (Romanovsky) as the ruling bishop for direct consideration. On the concern regarding the divorce of Vasiliy I Kozhin, the patriarch imposed a blessing resolution in the spring with a warning that this blessing “does not necessarily entail hierarchical ordination”. The divorce took place only on 25 October, 1945 (although according to the obituary in the “JMP”, he was “widowed”).

Monastic tonsure, 1945

On 1 November, 1945, Archrpiest Vasiliy Kozhin was tonsured to be a monk by Archimandrite John (Miroshnikov). He was given the name Germogen (Hermogenes).

It had been planned to proceed in the same month with episcopal ordination by bishops of the North Caucasus, but it was postponed.

In the same month, it was planned to perform his episcopal ordination by the bishops of the North Caucasus, headed by Archbishop Anthony (Romanovsky), but it was postponed.

On 1 February, 1946, Hieromonk Germogen (Kozhin) was elevated to the dignity of archimandrite.

Then, on 16 February, 1946, in the meeting room of the Holy Synod at 5, Clean Lane, Archimandrite Germogen (Kozhin) was named to become Bishop of Kazan and Chistopol.

Episcopal ordination, 1946

On 18 February, 1946, Archimandrite Germogen (Kozhin) was ordained to the Holy Episcopate in the Temple of the Holy Resurrection in Bryusov Lane. The ordination was performed by Patriarch Alexei I (Simansky), together with Bishop Makary (Daev) of Mozhaisk, and Bishop Sergius (Larin) of Kirovograd.

Holy Resurrection Temple, Bryusov Lane

Episcopal service

Bishop of Kazan and Chistopol, 1946

Bishop Germogen (Kozhin) was assigned to serve as Bishop of Kazan and Chistopol Diocese.

Arriving in Kazan, he restored the diocesan spiritual administration, which was housed in a two-storey wooden house at 40, Lesgaft Street. He, himself, settled there. In 1946, he achieved the opening of the Nikolo-Nizskaya Temple in Kazan, which became a cathedral. He also brought about the opening of Temples in the villages of Taveli, Mamadyshsky District, and Krasnaya Gorka (now Yudino within Kazan).

In 1947 and 1948, Vladyka Germogen "persistently demanded" the opening of several other Temples, but he did not succeed.

Holy Annunciation Cathedral, Kazan (left) Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Chistopol (right)

Rector of the Moscow Theological Seminary and Academy, 1947

In the autumn of 1947, he was assigned also to serve as Rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and the Moscow Theological Seminary (he took office on 14 November), while retaining the management of the Kazan diocese. On 12 December, he informed the Council that he had inspected and accepted the return of the historical building of the Academy in the Holy Trinity-Sergius Lavra (“Halls”). Patriarch Alexei instructed him to head the repair commission.

At the academy, he taught a course on the History of Western Confessions (i.e. Protestant entities).

At the Feast of Pascha in May, 1948, he was elevated to the dignity of archbishop.

At the Pan-Orthodox Meeting of the Heads and Representatives of the Local Orthodox Churches in July, 1948, timed to coincide with the 500th Anniversary of the Autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church, he read the report "The Papacy and the Orthodox Church". According to the recollection of Archbishop Luke (Voyno-Yasenetsky), the speaker had collected "everything that is the dirtiest, the most negative about the Roman Church". Metropolitan Grigory (Chukov) assessed his doctoral dissertation as being unsatisfactory, since, in his opinion, it was “a literal reprint of the works of Russian authors and Russian translations”.

Nevertheless, at the insistence of the Patriarch, the degree was awarded to him by the Council of the Moscow Theological Academy “for merits in the matter of spiritual education and for the totality of his work” (but only after the patriarch managed on 15 August, 1949, to agree to the dismissal of Vladyka Germogen from the post of rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary and Vice Chairman of the Study Committee.

Archbishop of Krasnodar and Kuban, 1949

From 19 October, 1949, Archbishop Germogen (Kozhin) was assigned to serve as Archbishop of Krasnodar and Kuban, where he was well-remembered as the Renovationist Metropolitan Vasiliy Kozhin.

Saint Catherine's Cathedral, Krasnodar (Ekaterinodar)

At this time, he was awarded with a gold pectoral Cross.

On 8 February, 1954, by a decree of the Holy Synod, Archbishop Germogen of Krasnodar was granted the right to wear a Cross on the klobuk.

Plenipotentiary Representative of the Patriarch of Moscow in the USA, 1954

On 12 February, 1954, Archbishop Germogen (Kozhin) was sent to the USA "for the comprehensive improvement of church affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church in America as a plenipotentiary representative of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia". He departed on 17 February, accompanied by A F Shishkin as secretary. The second assembly of the clergy and laity of the Patriarchal Exarchate in America on 19 March elected him Exarch of the Moscow Patriarchate in the Americas.

On 19 May, 1954, he was elevated to the dignity of Metropolitan of the Diocese of the Aleutians and North America.

He took steps to repair Saint Nicholas Cathedral in New York City, USA, and he visited various patriarchal parishes scattered throughout the country.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, New York City

In the summer of 1954, he returned to the USSR for vacation.

Repose, 1954

On 13 August, 1954, Metropolitan Germogen (Kozhin) suddenly fell asleep in the Lord as a consequence of a heart attack while on vacation in Krasnodar.

The Funeral Services for the Burial of a Hierarch were led by Archbishop Flavian (Ivanov) of Orel and Bryansk (who from 1934-1944, had been the Renovationist Krasnodar Bishop Vladimir).

After the funeral services, his body was interred in Saint Catherine's Cathedral in Krasnodar.

The grave of Metropolitan Germogen (Kozhin) in the Catherine's Cathedral in Krasnodar (Yekaterinodar)

– Bishop of Kazan and Chistopol, 1946-1949. Preceded by : Archbishop Ilariy (Ilyin). Succeeded by : Bishop Justin (Maltsev).

– Archbishop of Krasnodar and Kuban, 1949-1954. Preceded by : Bishop Flavian (Ivanov). Succeeded by : Metropolitan Victor (Svyatin).

– Metropolitan of New York, the Aleutian Islands and North America (Russian Exarchate), 1954. Preceded by : Metropolitan Makariy (Ilyinsky). Succeeded by : Metropolitan Boris (Vik).

Reflections

A Levitin (who in the 1930s was an employee of the Renovationist Church Administration) wrote :

 Kozhin [...] was a truly excellent administrator, a cheerful, sociable person, possessing a lively 
 sanguine temperament. Clever, tactful, he achieved great success in the North Caucasus.
 However, when I read his reports, and letters to the First Hierarch, I always experienced 
 a painful feeling.  ‘How poor is the Russian Church’, I thought, ‘if this is the most prominent 
 of the bishops’.  As I now see these even lines, written in a clear, large handwriting - endless 
 complaints about a neighbour - Vladimir Ivanov, thanks to whom (according to Vasily Ivanovich)
 [...] Renovationism in the Kuban is dying.  Endless praises of the North Caucasian diocese, where, 
 if again to believe Vasily Ivanovich, the renovationist cause is moving forward with leaps 
 and bounds and is fixed for centuries.  Not a single living word, not a single peculiar thought,
 nothing like that, which would rise above local provincial interests.

Writings

• “Russian Ultramontane Literature in Defence of the Papal System in Contrast with the Teaching of Christian Revelation and the Voice of the Universal Church” : Master's dissertation, 1917.

• ‘History of the Spread of Christianity amongst the Tatars’ (essays on the history of the Kazan diocese) in “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate” (“JMP”), no. 7 (1946), pp. 46-57.

• ‘An Attempt by the Vatican to Subdue the Orthodox Churches of the South Slavs in the Balkans’ (brief historical essay) in “JMP”, no. 9 (1946), pp. 65-73.

• ‘Zilantov Dormition Monastery and a Monument to those killed during the Capture of Kazan’ (essays from the history of the Kazan Diocese), in “JMP”, no. 1 (1947), pp. 34-39.

• ‘Patriotic Activity of the Clergy of the Kazan Diocese in the Patriotic Wars of 1812 and 1941-1945’ in “JMP”, no. 3 (1947), pp. 44-46.

• ‘Speech on 23 November, 1947, at his Reception of the Post of Rector of the Moscow Theological Academy’ in “JMP”, no. 12 (1947), pp. 11-15.

• ‘The Papacy and the Orthodox Church’ in “JMP”, no. 4 (1948), pp. 29-37.

• “Speech delivered before the Start of the 1948/1949 Academic Year at the Moscow Theological Academy’ (15 October, 1948) in “JMP”, no. 12 (1948), pp. 13-17.

• ‘On the Question of the Intrigues of the Vatican against Universal Orthodoxy in Poland, the Balkans, Romania, Ukraine and the Caucasus over the past 40 years (1908-1948)’ in “JMP”, no. 8 (1948), p. 71.

• ‘About the book BC “Russia and the Universal Church”’ in “JMP”, no. 4 (1948), p. 38.

• ‘Methods of Catholic Propaganda in Georgia’ in “JMP”, no. 9 (1948), p. 50.

• ‘The Eastern Church Policy of the Popes : Benedict XV, Pius XI and Pius XII’ in “JMP”, no. 4 (1949), p. 48.

• ‘On the Characteristics of the Activities of the Vatican in the last Twenty Years’ in “JMP”, no. 8 (1949), pp. 43–51.

• ‘The Mission of Friendship’ in “JMP”, no. 9 (1950), pp. 43-44.

• ‘On the Anniversary of the Council of Chalcedon’ in “JMP”, no. 6 (1951), pp. 32-35.

• ‘The Vatican and the Crusades’ in “JMP”, no. 3 (1953), pp. 56-64.

• ‘The Old Catholic Movement’ in “JMP”, no. 9 (1953), pp. 44-50.

Writings by various authors about the metropolitan :

• “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate” (JMP), no. 3 (1946), p. 7.

– 1948, no. 5, p. 18.

– 1948, no. 8, pp. 71-75.

– 1948, no. 9, p. 40.

– 1948, no. 12, pp. 13-17.

– 1949, no. 9, pp. 6, 43, 51.

– 1949, no. 11, p. 4.

– 1950, no. 9, pp. 43-44.

– 1951, no. 6, pp. 32-35.

– 1954, no. 3, pp. 6, 7.

– 1955, no. 3, p. 75.

– “Journal of the Sessions of the Holy Synod”, no. 10 (8 July, 1947).

– no. 16 (28 October,1947).

– no. 4 (24 February, 1949).

– no. 11 (19 October, 1949).

– no. 2 (8 February, 1954).

– “Russian Orthodox Church”, p. 156.

• Catalogue of Renovationist Bishops by Archbishop Manuel (Cat-AM), no. 114.

• Catalogue of Renovationist Bishops of former Archivist Yavorsky of the Moscow Patriarchate (Cat-YaV) no. 57, Case no. 42, p. 30.

• Catalogue of Renovationist Bishops of Bishop Sergius (Larin) (Cat-EC) p/no. 9, p. 2

• ‘Renovationist Church’, nos. 5, 6, 7, p. 54 in “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate” (JMP), nos. 5, 6, 7 (1925), p. 58.

• ‘Nomination and Ordination to the Diocese of Kazan’ in “JMP”, no. 3 (1946), p. 7.

• ‘Elevation to the Dignity of Archbishop’ in “JMP”, no. 9 (1948), p. 40.

• “Assignment of the Title “Kazan and Chistopol” in “JMP”, no. 3 (1949), p. 6.

• “Appointed Archbishop of Krasnodar and Kuban” in “JMP”, no. 11 (1949), p. 4.

• ‘Elevation to the Dignity of Metropolitan’ in “JMP”, no. 6 (1954), p. 13.

• ‘Priest Metropolitan Hermogenes : Obituary by I Potapov’ in “JMP”, no. 9 (1954), pp. 9-11.

• ‘Anniversary of Death in “JMP”, no. 10 (1955), p. 15.

• ‘Articles dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the Moscow Theological Academy being in the Holy Trinity-Saint Sergius Lavra’ in “Zagorsk”, vol. 2 (1964), pp. 13-18.

• Kataev A M, ‘Theological Schools of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1943-1949’ in “VCI”, no. 1 (2006), p. 180.

• Kireev, Protodeacon A I, “Dioceses and Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1943-2002” (Moscow, 2002) pp. 150-152.

• Levitin, Shavrov, “Essays on Embarrassment”, pp. 626, 638-639, 651.

• "Manual of Russian Hierarchs, 1893-1965", Part 2, pp. 346-349.

• Pushkov, Priest S, ‘The initial Period of the Revival of Moscow. Theological Schools (1944-1964) : Professorial and teaching Corporation’ (Ph.D. dissertation) in “Moscow Theological Academy” (Serg. P., 2002), pp. 127-129. Rkp.

• “Renovationist Schism”, pp. 58, 60, 448-450, 529-530, 555, 562, 568, 570-571, 585-587, 598-599, 685-687, 1031.

• “Russian Renegade Bishops”, pp. 67-68.

• Shkarovsky, M V, “Renovation Movement in the Russian Orthodox Church of the 20th Century” (Saint Petersburg, 1999), p. 58.

• Trofimchuk M Kh, ‘Academy at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra’ in “Moscow Theological Academy” (2005), pp. 43-44, 46, 55, 61-62, 65-66, 68, 70, 75.

References

Russian Wikipedia biography

Drevo Encyclopaedia biography

Dva Grada biography

Alphabetical Biographies biography

Orthodox Encyclopedia biography

Additional information :

Lavrinov, Valery O, “Renovationist Split in the Portraits of its Leaders” (Moscow: Society of Church History Lovers, 2016).

(Lemeshevsky), Metropolitan Manuel, “Russian Orthodox Hierarchs : 1893-1965”, Part 2 (Kuibyshev, Russia, 1966).

……"Catalogue of Russian Renovation Bishops"

Pospielovsky, Dimitry, “The Russian Church under the Soviet Regime, 1917-1982”, 2 volumes (Crestwood, NY : SVS Press, 1984). ISBN : 0881410330.

Regel'son, Lev, “Tragedy of the Russian Church : the Church under Soviet Power 1917-1953” (Germany : Sanktum, 2017). ISBN 10 : 9783330719194 ; ISBN 13 : 978-3330719194. ASIN : 3330719192. [Translated from Russian to English]

Shkarovsky, M V, “Renovation Movement in the Russian Orthodox Church of the 20th Century” (St Petersburg, 1999) (in Russian)

…… “The Soviet State and the ‘Soviet Church’” (St Petersburg, 2016) (in Russian)

Russian Orthodox Church

Kazan Diocese

Chistopol Diocese

Krasnodar and Kuban Diocese

Diocese of the Aleutians and North America

Wikipedia article about Renovationism

Orthodoxwiki article about the Russian Exarchate of North America

Wikipedia article about the Cossacks

Wikipedia article about the Don Cossacks

Wikipedia article about Terek Cossacks